揭開OTM選擇權的神秘面紗:超出價外對您的交易意味著什麼
選擇權交易,有時不就是一個迷宮嗎?你會聽到像是 “有利可圖” 、 “平價” 這樣的術語,然後還有 “無利可圖” 。如果你曾經感到有點迷失,試圖理解 “無利可圖” (OTM)究竟意味著什麼,以及它在選擇權世界中的重要性,你並不孤單。相信我,在我探索金融市場的過程中,我見過無數人掙扎於這些區別。但一旦你明白了,整個戰略交易的新層面就會展現在你面前。
想像一下:期權給你權利,但不是義務,在特定價格(執行價格)之前的某個日期(到期日)買入或賣出資產。期權的"價值"簡單地描述了該執行價格與基礎資產當前市場價格之間的關係。而當我們談論OTM時,我們是在討論此刻沒有內在價值的期權。它們基本上是在希望未來股價的變動能使其變得有價值。
讓我們分析 OTM 的買權和賣權,因為它們在市場的兩面運作。
想像一下你正在購買一個 看漲期權。你在押注股票價格會 上升。如果其 執行價格高於基礎資產的當前市場價格,則看漲期權被視為 虧損狀態 (OTM)。
- 範例: 如果一支股票的交易價格為 $100,而你購買了一個行使價格為 $105 的看漲期權,那麼該看漲期權是 OTM。為什麼?因為當你可以在公開市場以 $100 購買股票時,你不會行使以 $105 購買的權利。這沒有意義,對吧?要使這個期權變成 “在價內” (ITM),股票價格需要上升到 $105 以上。
現在,讓我們轉向賣權。您在押注股票價格會下跌。如果賣權的執行價格低於標的資產的當前市場價格,則被視為價外 (OTM)。
- 範例: 相同的股票,交易價格為 $100。如果您購買一個執行價格為 $95 的賣權選擇權,那個賣權選擇權是 OTM。當您可以在公開市場以 $100 出售股票時,您不會行使以 $95 出售的權利。為了使這個賣權選擇權變為 ITM,股票價格需要跌至 $95 以下。
看到這個模式了嗎?對於一個 OTM 選擇權來說,要獲得內在價值,市場價格需要超過其行使價格。在那之前,它的價值純粹是時間價值和隱含波動率。
購買目前沒有內在價值的東西可能看起來違反直覺,但有幾個戰略原因使得 OTM 選擇權成為交易者的熱門選擇。是的,根據我的觀察,這些策略通常圍繞著利用感知的低成本來獲取潛在的高回報或產生收入。
- 對買家的較低保費:
- One of the most appealing aspects for buyers of OTM options is their price tag. OTM options are generally cheaper than their “at the money” (ATM) or “in the money” (ITM) counterparts. Why? Because the probability of them expiring in the money is lower. This lower cost means you can control more shares for the same amount of capital, offering higher leverage if your directional bet pays off.
為賣家創造收入: * This is where OTM options truly shine for certain strategies, especially for those looking to generate consistent income. Selling OTM options (also known as “writing” options) allows you to collect premium upfront. The hope is that the option will expire worthless, allowing you to keep the entire premium. * Consider the strategy of selling short Out Of The Money (OTM) put options. As Mark Hake, CFA, noted, investors could make over a 2.0% monthly yield by selling short 6% OTM put options on Amazon (AMZN) when its stock was at $220.18 on Tuesday, July 8, 2025 (TalkMarkets, “Amazon Stock Bargain”). Similarly, he highlighted that selling short OTM put options expiring in just over one month could provide investors a 1.67% monthly yield on Chevron (CVX), given CVX’s closing price of $148.37 on July 3, 2025 (Dummersgrain, “Chevron Stock’s Dividend Yield”). This strategy appeals to those who are bullish or neutral on a stock and believe it won’t drop below the chosen OTM strike price before expiration.
投機性操作: * If you have a strong conviction about a sudden, significant move in a stock, OTM options can offer outsized returns. A small premium paid could explode in value if the stock makes a big move in your favor, turning your OTM option into ITM. It’s a high-risk, high-reward game, akin to hitting a grand slam in baseball – rare, but impactful when it happens.
投資組合對沖(純 OTM 較少見): * While more often associated with ITM or ATM options, OTM options can, in some niche scenarios, serve as very cheap “disaster insurance.” However, due to their distance from the current price, they offer less robust protection than closer strikes.
現在,並不是所有的陽光和高收益。OTM 選項有其自身的風險,了解這些風險在深入之前是至關重要的。
時間衰減 (Theta): * This is perhaps the biggest enemy of OTM option buyers. Every day that passes, an OTM option loses value, even if the stock price doesn’t move. The closer you get to expiration, the faster this time value erodes. If an OTM option doesn’t become ITM before expiration, it expires worthless. This is why sellers of OTM options love time decay!
買家的成功機率較低: * By definition, OTM options are “out of the money” because they are less likely to end up ITM. You’re betting on a larger price move in your favor. This means a higher probability of losing the entire premium paid if the stock doesn’t move as expected.
- 無限風險的裸賣出OTM賣權:
- While selling OTM puts can generate income, remember that if the stock crashes below your chosen strike price, you could be obligated to buy shares at a much higher price than their current market value. This risk is theoretically unlimited for naked options (those not covered by holding the underlying asset).
基金實際上是如何利用OTM選擇權來結構其選擇權頭寸的?我們可以從像Purpose Investments的Premium Yield Fund (PYF)這樣的基金如何分配其書面賣權中獲得一些見解。截至2025年7月7日,他們的短期賣權中有相當一部分是OTM,顯示出對這類合約的收入生成的戰略傾斜(Purpose Investments,“Premium Yield Fund”)。
讓我們來看看他們的細分:
- 短期賣權到期 <1 個月:
- 93.48% (a strong preference for short-dated options, which decay faster).
短期賣權到期 1-3 個月: * 6.52%
截至2025年7月7日,他們所寫的賣權選擇權的 “貨幣性” 細分:
在價內 (ITM): * 0.00% (No ITM puts written, which makes sense for an income-focused fund avoiding immediate assignment risk).
平價 (ATM): * 11.02%
超出價外 (OTM): * <-4%: 23.79% (These are OTM puts where the strike price is at least 4% below the current market price). * <-8%: 12.56% (Even further OTM, indicating a belief the stock won’t drop that far). * <-12%: 52.63% (A whopping majority are deep OTM, suggesting a strategy focused on collecting premiums with a high probability of expiry worthless.)
這種數據提供了一個現實世界的例子,說明了一個基金如何結構其頭寸,利用時間衰減和OTM選擇權中固有的較低風險,特別是深度OTM選擇權,來產生收益。這證明了雖然OTM選擇權對買家來說風險較高,但對於優先考慮概率而非巨額投機收益的賣家來說,它們可能相當吸引人。
理解虧損選擇權不僅僅是知道一個定義;它是關於認識選擇權交易工具中的一個強大工具。無論你是尋求高槓桿以進行投機性下注的買家,還是旨在獲得穩定收入的賣家,虧損選擇權都扮演著關鍵角色。只需記住,像任何金融工具一樣,它們伴隨著風險。始終權衡潛在的獎勵與成功的概率以及損失的潛力。對我來說,關鍵始終是理解所涉及的概率並管理風險。在不了解基本機制的情況下,不要追逐大贏,尤其是在處理虧損合約的微妙世界時。
參考文獻
在期權交易中, 超出價外 是什麼意思?
價外選擇權(OTM)是指目前沒有內在價值的選擇權,這意味著它們的執行價格相對於當前市場價格並不有利。
為什麼交易者會購買虧損期權?
交易者購買 OTM 選擇權以獲得較低的權利金、潛在的高回報和收入生成策略,儘管存在風險。
OTM 選項是否有可能變得盈利?
當然!儘管 OTM 選擇權一開始有點像賭博,但如果在到期之前股價朝著正確的方向移動,它們可以變得有利可圖。這一切都與時機和市場動向有關。因此,雖然它們看起來可能風險很大,但如果運氣站在你這邊,總是有機會獲得不錯的回報!
交易虧損期權的風險是什麼?
交易 OTM 選項可能會讓人感到刺激,但這也伴隨著風險。如果市場沒有如你所希望的那樣變動,它們可能會變得毫無價值,這意味著你可能會失去全部投資。密切關注市場趨勢至關重要,並且不要因潛在的巨大收益而過於興奮!
OTM 選擇權如何融入交易策略?
OTM 選擇權可以是您交易策略中有趣的補充!它們通常用於投機或對沖。如果您認為某隻股票會暴漲,購買 OTM 選擇權可以是一種更便宜的方式來利用這個賭注。只需記得與其他投資平衡,以管理您的整體風險!